Methods for inhibiting tumor growth

ABSTRACT

Methods of inhibiting or reducing tumor metabolism and growth are disclosed. A composition containing oxygen scavenging membrane fragments is administered within a tumor to create a hypoxic environment. This interferes with tumor growth and metabolism, and can lead to tumor death.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/109,136, filed on Jan. 29, 2015, the disclosure of which is hereby fully incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to methods for inhibiting or reducing cancerous tumor metabolism growth and proliferation. Compositions for use in such methods are also disclosed.

Cancer is the abnormal growth of cells, which can create masses of tissue that can become malignant tumors or neoplasms. These formations can invade and destroy surrounding tissues, and may spread to other parts of the body (metastasis).

Physicians are constantly seeking new forms of cancer treatment to either bolster the effects of or supplant current cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapy, and cell transplantation. Alone, many of these treatments require repeated administrations with no guarantee of a reduction in tumor cell growth and proliferation. Further, many of these treatments result in adverse side effects, requiring subjects to undergo further discomfort and therapies. It would be desirable to identify additional methods of treating cancerous tumors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Disclosed in various embodiments herein are methods for inhibiting cancerous tumor metabolism, growth and/or proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Generally speaking, a composition comprising oxygen reducing membrane fragments is administered intratumorally. It is believed that the membrane fragments under certain conditions create an anaerobic environment within the tumor, inhibiting growth or resulting in cell death. Because it affects a fundamental attribute of the tumor, i.e. the metabolic need for oxygen, this inhibition and treatment process should impact all types of tumors. The impact may also be dose-dependent.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to compositions, and methods of utilizing the same, to reduce dissolved oxygen in vitro from a body or mass containing cancerous tumor cells. The compositions contain oxygen scavenging membrane fragments.

In yet another additional aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods for the inhibition of growth and proliferation of tumor cells in vivo, said method including: providing a composition comprising oxygen scavenging membrane fragments which contain an electron transport system which reduces oxygen to water in the presence of a hydrogen donor; and inoculating a tumor mass of a subject intratumorally with the composition.

In yet another additional aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods for the inhibition of growth and proliferation of tumor cells in vivo, said method including: providing a composition comprising oxygen scavenging membrane fragments which contain an electron transport system which reduces oxygen to water in the presence of a hydrogen donor, along with anaerobe bacteria; and inoculating a tumor mass of a subject intratumorally with the composition.

Further disclosed herein in various embodiments are methods for treating a cancerous tumor, comprising intratumorally administering to a patient, including a human or other mammal, a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of oxygen scavenging membrane fragments.

The oxygen scavenging membrane fragments can be derived from the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Acetobacter. In particular embodiments, the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments are derived from Escherichia coli.

The composition can further comprise a hydrogen donating substance. In particular embodiments, the hydrogen donating substance is lactic acid, succinic acid, alpha-glycerol phosphate, formic acid, malic acid, or a salt thereof.

The composition may be in the form of an injection, solution, suspension, or emulsion. The composition may contain the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount of about 0.01 units per milliliter to about 100 units per milliliter.

The cancerous tumors treated by these methods can be breast, cervical, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, brain, or bone cancer tumors.

The compositions can be administered in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapy, or cell transplantation.

Desirably, the administration of the composition creates localized hypoxia and fosters replication of anaerobes.

These and other non-limiting characteristics of the disclosure are more particularly disclosed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 is a set of images showing the effects of different concentrations of oxygen reducing membrane fragments (Oxyrase®) in the in vitro treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells after 72 hours.

FIG. 2 is an image from the Lumina instrument showing the effects of different concentrations of Oxyrase® in the in vitro treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells after a 1 second exposure.

FIG. 3 is a graph that shows the effects of different dosages of Oxyrase® on absorbance of luciferin after 24 hours. The y-axis is photons per second.

FIG. 4 is a graph that shows the effects of different dosages of Oxyrase® on absorbance of luciferin after 24 hours.

FIG. 5 is a graph that shows the effects of different dosages of Oxyrase® on absorbance of luciferin after 72 hours.

FIG. 6 is a graph that shows the effects of different dosages of Oxyrase® on absorbance of luciferin after 24 hours and MTT assaying.

FIG. 7 is a graph that shows the effects of different dosages of Oxyrase® on absorbance of luciferin after 48 hours and MTT assaying.

FIG. 8 is a set of images showing the effects 72 hours after treating MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in vitro with 6 u/mL Oxyrase®.

FIG. 9 is a graph that shows Oxyrase® inhibition corrected for the Oxyrase® background effect on the assay.

FIG. 10 is an image of the bioluminescence of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 15 days after in vivo implantation into mammary fat pads of mice.

FIG. 11 is an image of the bioluminescence of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 19 days after in vivo implantation into mammary fat pads and on the first day of treatment with either 6 u/mL Oxyrase® or 6 u/mL heat-inactivated Oxyrase®.

FIG. 12 is an image of the bioluminescence of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells 24 days after in vivo implantation into mammary fat pads and 5 days after initiating treatment with Oxyrase®.

FIG. 13 is a graph that shows the increase in bioluminescence of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells implanted in vivo over 5 days of treatment with either Oxyrase® or heat-inactivated Oxyrase®.

FIG. 14 is a graph that evaluates tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells implanted in vivo over 10 days of treatment with either Oxyrase® or heat-inactivated Oxyrase®.

FIG. 15 is a graphical representation of the average number of anaerobic cells and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells untreated, treated with Oxyrase®, treated with Oxyrase® and a substrate, cultured in substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a ViCell count. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 16 is an image from the ViCell software showing the untreated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells on day 1.

FIG. 17 is an image from the ViCell software showing the MCF-7 human breast cancer cells cultured with Oxyrase® on substrate on day 1.

FIG. 18 is a graphical representation of the average number of untreated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 0. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 19 is a graphical representation of the average number of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 1. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 20 is a graphical representation of the average number of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 3. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 21 is a graphical representation of the average number of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 5. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 22 is a graphical representation of the average number of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 7. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 23 is a graphical representation of the average number of untreated A375 human skin cancer cells following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 0. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 24 is a graphical representation of the average number of A375 human skin cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 1. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 25 is a graphical representation of the average number of A375 human skin cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 3. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 26 is a graphical representation of the average number of A375 human skin cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 5. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 27 is a graphical representation of the average number of A375 human skin cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 7. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 28 is a graphical representation of the average number of untreated A549 human lung cancer cells following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 0. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 29 is a graphical representation of the average number of A549 human lung cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 1. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 30 is a graphical representation of the average number of A549 human lung cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 3. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 31 is a graphical representation of the average number of A549 human lung cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 5. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 32 is a graphical representation of the average number of A549 human lung cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 7. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 33 is a graphical representation of the average number of untreated HT29 human colon cancer cells following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 0. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 34 is a graphical representation of the average number of HT29 human colon cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 1. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 35 is a graphical representation of the average number of HT29 human colon cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 3. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 36 is a graphical representation of the average number of HT29 human colon cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 5. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 37 is a graphical representation of the average number of HT29 human colon cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 7. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 38 is a graphical representation of the average number of untreated U87-MG human brain cancer cells following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 0. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 39 is a graphical representation of the average number of U87-MG human brain cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 1. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 40 is a graphical representation of the average number of U87-MG human brain cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 3. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 41 is a graphical representation of the average number of U87-MG human brain cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 5. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 42 is a graphical representation of the average number of U87-MG human brain cancer cells untreated, cultured in Oxyrase® alone, cultured on substrate and Oxyrase®, cultured on substrate and buffer, and cultured in buffer following a CellTiter Glo® assay at Day 7. The y-axis is relative light units (RLU).

FIG. 43 is a graphical representation of the average body weights in grams±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line and treated with one of the following four compositions: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

FIG. 44 is a graphical representation of the average tumor volume in mm³±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line and treated with one of the following: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

FIG. 45 is a graphical representation of the median tumor volume in mm³±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line and treated with one of the following: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

FIG. 46 is a graphical representation of the average body weights in grams±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the LLC murine lung cancer cell line and treated with one of the following: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

FIG. 47 is a graphical representation of the average tumor volume in mm³±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the LLC murine lung cancer cell line and treated with one of the following: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

FIG. 48 is a graphical representation of the median tumor volume in mm³±standard deviation of mice inoculated with the LLC murine lung cancer cell line and treated with one of the following: PBS (control); C. perfringens alone; C. perfringens, substrate, and Oxyrase®; B. adolescentis alone; and B. adolescentis, substrate, and Oxyrase®. The dates correspond to days on which measurements were taken, with 11/5 corresponding to day of inoculation with one of the five treatments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of desired embodiments and the examples included therein. In the following specification and the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which will be defined to have the following meanings.

Although specific terms are used in the following description for the sake of clarity, these terms are intended to refer only to the particular structure of the embodiments selected for illustration in the drawings and are not intended to define or limit the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings and the following description below, it is to be understood that like numeric designations refer to components of like function. Furthermore, it should be understood that the drawings are not to scale.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used in the specification and in the claims, the term “comprising” may include the embodiments “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of.” The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,” “contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that require the presence of the named ingredients/steps and permit the presence of other ingredients/steps. However, such description should be construed as also describing compositions or processes as “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” the enumerated ingredients/steps, which allows the presence of only the named ingredients/steps, along with any impurities that might result therefrom, and excludes other ingredients/steps.

Numerical values in the specification and claims of this application should be understood to include numerical values which are the same when reduced to the same number of significant figures and numerical values which differ from the stated value by less than the experimental error of conventional measurement technique of the type described in the present application to determine the value.

All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the recited endpoint and independently combinable (for example, the range of from 2 grams to 10 grams” is inclusive of the endpoints, 2 grams and 10 grams, and all the intermediate values).

The term “about” can be used to include any numerical value that can vary without changing the basic function of that value. When used with a range, “about” also discloses the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints, e.g. “about 2 to about 4” also discloses the range “from 2 to 4.” The term “about” may refer to plus or minus 10% of the indicated number.

“Oxyrase®” is a commercially available enzyme system (from Oxyrase, Inc.) obtained from the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli to produce anaerobic conditions in a wide variety of environments.

The term “MTT assay” refers to a colorimetric assay for assessing cell viability. This assay uses NADPH-dependent cellular oxireductase enzymes, under defined conditions, to reflect the number of viable cells present. Those skilled in the art will recognize the procedure utilized.

The term “tumor” is used herein to refer both to a neoplasm that has formed a lump and to a neoplasm that has not formed a lump. The tumor can be malignant, or potentially malignant, or a secondary tumor.

The term “unit” is used herein to refer to a given amount of membrane fragments. One unit is defined as the amount of oxygen scavenging membrane fragments that will reduce dissolved oxygen in one milliliter of air saturated 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.4, at 37 degrees Celsius, at the rate of 1% per second.

Cancerous tumors require oxygen to grow to a clinically important size, and need a blood supply to provide the oxygen. However, tumors consistently grow more quickly than new blood vessels can be formed, resulting in large regions that are poorly vascularized. Oxygen concentrations will vary widely within a single tumor, but developing hypoxia (i.e. a condition where the tumor is deprived of adequate oxygen supply) is significant in inducing tumor cells to undergo necrosis. Although tumor cells have a wide variety of responses to hypoxia, this strategy is still useful in treating cancerous tumors.

Hypoxia may also lead to suitable environments for fostering the growth of anaerobe bacteria. Generally, the interiors of tumors are not hospitable to anaerobes, and anaerobes have been found to only replicate in necrotic areas of tumors. Upon escaping tumors, anaerobes are generally not expected to survive. However, by creating hypoxic conditions, tumor infection by any anaerobes that are present might be enhanced, ultimately leading to tumor demise.

The present disclosure relates to methods for removing oxygen from in vivo and/or in vitro environments using pharmaceutical compositions comprising oxygen scavenging membrane fragments. The pharmaceutical compositions can also include, if desired, a hydrogen donating substance. When these compositions are applied to cancerous tumors, they create localized hypoxia and essentially starve tumors of oxygen, resulting in reduced cell proliferation and growth, and possibly cell death. The created oxygen-deprived environments provide optimal conditions for anaerobe bacteria infection and replication, which may lead to tumor necrosis.

The present application also relates to methods for removing oxygen from in vivo and/or in vitro environments using pharmaceutical compositions comprising oxygen scavenging membrane fragments and anaerobe bacteria. In this manner, tumors which may not yet have been colonized by such bacteria are inoculated, with the goal of causing tumor necrosis.

In this regard, the present disclosure removes oxygen through the use of specific oxygen scavenging membrane fragments. The membrane fragments, which contain an electron transport system that reduces oxygen to water, may be obtained from various sources. It is known that a great number of bacteria have cytoplasmic membranes which contain the electron transport system that effectively reduces oxygen to water if a suitable hydrogen donor is present in the medium. Some suitable bacterial sources include Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acetobacter. These bacterial membranes have also been shown to be effective in removing oxygen from media and other aqueous and semi-solid environments.

The oxygen reducing effects produced by the cell membrane fragments from the bacterial sources indicated above can also be obtained by the use of oxygen reducing membranes from, for example, the mitochondrial organelles of a large number of higher non-bacterial organisms. More particularly, a great number of fungi, yeasts, plants, and animals have mitochondria that reduce oxygen to water if a suitable hydrogen donor is present in the medium. Some of the sources of oxygen reducing membranes from these mitochondria are: beef heart muscle, potato tuber, spinach, Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Euglena, and Chlamydomonas.

Oxygen scavenging fragments are commercially available as Oxyrase®.

Oxyrase® consists of an enzyme system derived from the cytoplasmic membranes of microorganisms. Sterile (EC) and nonsterile (EC/NS) Oxyrase® in particular are derived from the cell membrane fragments of E. coli (0.2 microns or smaller) suspended in 20 mM phosphate buffer at a neutral pH. Substrates for Oxyrase® include lactic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, or their salts, and alpha-glycerol phosphate in addition to oxygen. One unit/ml Oxyrase® activity will reduce dissolved oxygen (air saturated 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.4, at 37 degrees Celsius) at the rate of 1% per second. The rate of oxygen removal increases with temperature, and above 55 degrees Celsius, Oxyrase® begins to be inactivated but will persist up to 80 degrees Celsius. Oxyrase® is active over a wide pH range of 6.8 to 8.4.

The exact amount of membranes containing the enzyme systems needed to reduce oxygen in the tumor can vary by a number of parameters including pH, temperature, kinds and amounts of substrate present, and amount of oxygen present within the tumor. Some experimentation may be necessary to optimize the effectiveness of the membranes on the various different types of tumors. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition contains the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in the amount of about 0.01 units/mL to about 100 units/mL, or from about 0.01 units/mL to about 10 units/mL, or from about 0.3 unit/mL to about 10 units/mL, or from about 1 unit/mL to about 10 units/mL.

A hydrogen donating substance (i.e., an organic substrate) may be necessary in order for the membrane fragments to perform their oxygen removing functions. Suitable hydrogen donors are lactic acid, succinic acid, alpha-glycerol phosphate, formic acid, malic acid, and where available, their corresponding salts. The hydrogen donating substance may also be present in the pharmaceutical composition.

Moreover, in another embodiment, at least one anaerobe bacteria species or a mix of anaerobe bacteria may be included in the pharmaceutical composition or administered in tandem with said pharmaceutical composition. The terms “anaerobic” and “anaerobe” are used herein to refer specifically to bacteria that will die in the presence of oxygen, i.e. obligate anaerobes. The anaerobe bacteria species may be Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Clostridium perfringens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas levii, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, or Prevotella melaninogenica, for example. Alternatively, the anaerobe bacteria may be genetically engineered. The anaerobe bacteria can be present in the amount of 10⁶ to 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter of the composition. The anaerobe bacteria may be present in the composition in any form, for example as spores or as cells.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing the oxygen reducing membrane fragments are contemplated to be administered intratumorally. The dose used in a particular formulation or application can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. It is contemplated that the compositions can be used to treat several different types of tumors, including breast, cervical, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, brain, or bone cancer tumors.

In particular embodiments, the composition may contain the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount of about 0.01 units per milliliter (u/mL) to about 100 units per milliliter. Specifically, the composition may contain the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount of greater than 0.1 units per milliliter, or in an amount of at least 0.5 units per milliliter, or in an amount of at least 5 units per milliliter.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of an injection, solution, suspension, or emulsion. It is contemplated that the composition will be delivered by injection.

The pharmaceutical composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier acts as a vehicle for delivering the membrane fragments. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include liquid carriers like water, oil, and alcohols, in which the molecular antagonists can be dissolved or suspended.

The pharmaceutical composition may also include excipients. Particular excipients include buffering agents, preservative agents, polymers, and stabilizers. Buffering agents are used to control the pH of the composition. Preservatives are used to prevent microbial growth. Examples of preservatives include benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, and phenol. Hydrophilic polymers such as dextran, hydroxyl ethyl starch, polyethylene glycols, and gelatin can be used to stabilize proteins. Protein stabilizers can include polyols, sugars, amino acids, amines, and salts. Suitable sugars include sucrose and trehalose. Amino acids include histidine, arginine, glycine, methionine, proline, lysine, glutamic acid, and mixtures thereof. It should be noted that particular molecules can serve multiple purposes. For example, histidine can act as a buffering agent and an antioxidant.

Dose will depend on a variety of factors, including the disease type, patient age, patient weight, and tolerance. The dose of a particular patient can be determined by the skilled clinician using standard pharmacological approaches in view of the above factors. The response to treatment may be monitored by known methods. The skilled clinician will adjust the dose based on the response to treatment revealed by these measurements. A single administration may usually be sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect, but it is contemplated that multiple administrations will be used to assure continued response over a substantial period of time. It is believed that the composition may need to be administered once a week but desirably at lower intervals such as once or twice a month.

It is contemplated that the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be used in combination with other therapies, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapy, or cell transplantation. Together, these combination treatments should produce a greater or longer-lasting decrease in the growth of the tumor or in the death of the tumor. For example, using the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments together with anti-angiogenic agents (e.g. microtubule inhibitors or other drugs that inhibit growth of blood vessels) should encourage hypoxia to occur within larger volumes or for longer time periods. Alternatively, some drugs may target tumor cells in well-perfused regions, and the hypoxia created by the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments would target tumor cells in poorly perfused regions. As another example, there are some drugs which are activated only in hypoxic environments, such as tirapazamine.

Infection of a tumor by anaerobes should be especially therapeutic when used in a combination treatment with the oxygen-scavenging membrane fragments. Anaerobe infection of a tumor is disruptive and may lead to tumor necrosis; however anaerobes have been found to replicate only in necrotic areas of a tumor. The addition of Oxyrase® overcomes this limitation, permitting anaerobe replication in oxygen-deprived environment, thereby exacerbating the effects of Oxyrase® alone to disrupt tumors and lead to tumor necrosis. As discussed above, the pharmaceutical composition itself may include anaerobe bacteria, so that tumors not already infected can become inoculated thereby.

Because of the nature of Oxyrase® and because it is injected intratumorally, there should be no adverse systemic effects on the patient, unlike other cancer treating pharmaceuticals.

The present disclosure is further illustrated in the following non-limiting working examples, it being understood that these examples are intended to be illustrative only and that the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the materials, conditions, process parameters and the like recited herein.

EXAMPLES

Prior to all in vitro and in vivo testing, Oxyrase® (i.e. oxygen scavenging membrane fragments) was tested to see whether its use would affect the luciferase or MTT assays that were to be used to measure cell viability.

In this regard, higher luciferase expression correlates to a higher number of viable cells. Higher absorbance in the MTT assay also correlates to a higher number of viable cells.

Additional examples assessed the in vitro cytotoxic effect of Oxyrase® on cancer cell lines through CellTiter Glo® assays. Further examples assessed the effect of Oxyrase® with anaerobes on cancer cells lines.

First Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

Luciferase labeled MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and luciferase labeled U87 human brain tumor cells were obtained and plated into a set of 24-well plates and a set of 96 well-plates. The cells were allowed to adhere overnight in a 5% carbon dioxide incubator at 37 degrees Celsius. Half of the plates were then placed in a hypoxia chamber under low oxygen conditions (0.5-1% O₂) to simulate the in vivo environment of certain tumors.

The culture medium was replaced with fresh medium containing the substrate dl-lactate (20 mM) and Oxyrase® at multiple concentrations (0, 0.037, 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 3, or 6 u/mL) to each group of at least six replicates. In one set of wells, the cells were treated with heat-inactivated (HI) Oxyrase® as a control, and in another set of wells, the cells were incubated with fresh media as an additional control. The pH of the media was maintained at 8.4 to support the enzymatic activity of Oxyrase®.

The 24-well plates were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 5 days and tumor cell growth evaluated at 1, 3, and 5 days by measurement of bioluminescence generated by luciferase-expressing cells with the Lumina XR imaging instrument after adding the luciferin substrate. During this time, any change in the cell morphology was monitored. To ensure that the luciferase expression measured by bioluminescence correlated specifically with the number of proliferating healthy cells, viable cells from the wells were counted after trypsinization.

Heat inhibited Oxyrase® (HI-Oxyrase®), which is incubated at 85 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes to inactivate oxygen-removing activity, served as an additional control, and was added to wells at a concentration of 6 u/mL based on its original activity.

Results

Based on FIG. 1, it seems the effects of Oxyrase® on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells are concentration dependent. At 0.037 u/mL, the cells still show fairly normal morphology but are less numerous than they were under controlled conditions. As the dosage concentrations gradually increased, cells began to lose their defined structures and slow in proliferation. Particularly, Oxyrase® administered at a concentration of 6 u/mL seemed the most effective after 72 hours of inhibiting cell growth and proliferation. To a lesser extent, HI-Oxyrase® administered at 6 u/mL also inhibited cell growth and proliferation but not to the same extent as normal Oxyrase® did.

Luciferin was added to the wells. After five minutes, the Lumina instrument was used with a one-second exposure. FIG. 2 shows the results, and confirms that Oxyrase® exhibits concentration-dependent effects on MDA-MB-231 cells. The most effective concentration was 6 u/mL, but effects were illustrated at as little as 0.037 u/mL. As the concentration of Oxyrase® increased, the number of cells decreased, suggesting that cells stopped growing or died upon exposure to increasing concentrations of Oxyrase®.

FIG. 3 is a graphic interpretation of data collected after a 24 hour exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to Oxyrase® at different concentrations. As can be seen by the decrease in luciferin expression, the increasing concentrations of Oxyrase® had a significant effect on activity. Oxyrase® administered at a concentration of 6 u/mL exhibited less than half the activity as that of the control (i.e. untreated MDA-MB-231 cells alone). Further, HI-Oxyrase® had no effect compared to the control.

FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are graphs of data collected after a 24 hour exposure and a 72 hour exposure, respectively, of MDA-MB-231 cells to Oxyrase® at different concentrations. Oxyrase® increased absorbance in the MTT assay in a concentration-dependent fashion. Further the HI-Oxyrase® exhibited a weaker effect. The results after 24 hours as depicted in FIG. 4 are inaccurate, as high absorbance values were detected in wells containing only 6 u/ml Oxyrase® with no cells (last bar on the right), suggesting that Oxyrase® affected the MTT assay. However, FIG. 5 demonstrates that this effect significantly decreased over the next 48 hours. After 72 hours of exposure, Oxyrase® decreased absorbance at the high concentrations of 3 and 6 u/mL while HI-Oxyrase® did not. As Oxyrase® did not affect the MTT assay to the extent it did after 24 hours, the 72 hour absorbance value was subtracted from the other values in order to normalize the results.

It is noted that the increasing absorbances shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are attributed to the effect of Oxyrase® on the MTT assay, and does not show that increasing concentrations of Oxyrase® result in a higher number of viable cells.

With respect to the U87 human brain cancer cells, no significant response was observed after exposure to Oxyrase®.

Second Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

In a second procedure, the 96-well plates were analyzed for cell proliferation using the MTT assay. After 48-72 hours, the cells were incubated with 1 mg/mL thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide for 3 hours. The assays were covered with an oxygen impermeable film. The medium was then removed and the MTT crystals solubilized in DMSO before reading the plate with microplate reader instrumentation (540 nm absorbance).

Results

FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are graphic interpretations of data collected after 24 and 48 hour exposures respectively and MTT assaying of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells to Oxyrase® at different concentrations. As compared to the first set of experiments seen in FIGS. 3-5, there is more variability but the overall results are quite similar, with concentrations of 3 and 6 u/mL having the greatest effect on absorbance.

Again, it is noted that the increasing absorbances shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are attributed to the effect of Oxyrase® on the MTT assay, and does not show that increasing concentrations of Oxyrase® result in a higher number of viable cells.

As shown in the microscopic images of FIG. 8, Oxyrase® has a continuous effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. After treatment with 6 u/mL Oxyrase®, cells were unable to maintain their morphology. At 72 hours, very few cells remain with limited structures compared to those shown in the control group panel.

Third Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

To verify that the Oxyrase® did not have a background or adverse effect on the MTT assay, the second procedure of the second set of experiments was repeated; however, the medium containing Oxyrase® was removed from all the wells prior to the addition of the MTT dye and stopping/solubilization solution. This verification experiment determined the true effect of Oxyrase® at 6 u/mL on cell proliferation.

Results

As shown in FIG. 9, the non-specific effect of Oxyrase® on the MTT assay was successfully eliminated. The removal of Oxyrase® prior to the addition of the MTT dye resulted in depressed absorbance following administration of Oxyrase® at a concentration of 6 u/mL.

Fourth Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

In a fourth procedure, luciferase labeled MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were implanted in a quantity of 5×10⁶ cells into the mammary fat pad of mice at each side of three athymic nude mice. The growth of tumors was first measured by determining the increase of the bioluminescent signal from day 15 to day 19 post cell implantation. Treatment began with an intratumoral administration of Oxyrase® or heat-inactivated Oxyrase® (as a control) at the dose of 6 u/mL.

Five days post treatment initiation, the mice were imaged 15 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of the substrate luciferin and tumors were measured for growth.

Results

FIG. 10 is an image confirming MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell bioluminescence in the mammary fat pads of the three mice 15 days after implantation.

FIG. 11 is an image showing the administration scheme of either 6 u/mL Oxyrase® or 6 u/mL heat-inactivated Oxyrase® to the MDA-MB-231 tumors in the three mice 19 days after implantation. Mouse 1 was administered with 6 u/mL Oxyrase® to both its right and left mammary fat pads. Mouse 2 was administered with 6 u/mL heat-inactivated Oxyrase® to both its right and left mammary fat pads. Mouse 3 was administered with 6 u/mL Oxyrase® to its right mammary fat pad and 6 u/mL heat-inactivated Oxyrase® to its left mammary fat pad.

As shown in FIG. 12 and Table 1 below, the bioluminescence of the MDA-MB-231 cells was suppressed over a period of 5 days of treatment with Oxyrase® compared to cells treated with heat-inactivated Oxyrase®, which exhibited increases in bioluminescence.

TABLE 1 Bioluminescence Bioluminescence Treatment at Day 1 of at Day 5 of Mouse (side) Scheme Treatment Treatment Mouse 1 Oxyrase ® 2.979 × 10⁹ 4.840 × 10⁹ (Right) Mouse 1 (Left) Oxyrase ® 2.741 × 10⁹ 3.244 × 10⁹ Mouse 2 Heat-inactivated 2.745 × 10⁹ 5.341 × 10⁹ (Right) Oxyrase ® Mouse 2 (Left) Heat-inactivated 2.576 × 10⁹ 4.008 × 10⁹ Oxyrase ® Mouse 3 Oxyrase ® 3.743 × 10⁹ 3.465 × 10⁹ (Right) Mouse 3 (Left) Heat-inactivated  4.6 × 10⁹ 3.308 × 10⁹ Oxyrase ®

The above results are visualized in the graph of FIG. 13, which illustrates that those tumors treated with Oxyrase®, rather than the control, exhibited less bioluminescence after 5 days of treatment. Specifically, Oxyrase® reduced the bioluminescent signal by an average of 38%.

Further, those tumors treated Oxyrase® decreased in actual size over a period of 7 days post treatment, as shown in FIG. 14, which depicts the evaluation of tumor growth by caliper measurement over 10 days. However, after one week of treatment, decrease in tumor growth attenuated.

Fifth Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

In a fifth procedure, luciferase labeled MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and U87 human brain tumor cells were implanted in 12 female athymic nude mice (6 mice/model) on both sides of each animal to induce formation of tumors (12 tumors/model). MDA-MB-231 cells were implanted in the mammary fat pad at the number of 5×10⁶ and U87 cells were implanted subcutaneously at the number of 3×10⁶, both with 50% Matrigel. When the tumors reached the size of at least 150-200 mm³, Oxyrase® was directly delivered to 6 tumors and heat-inactivated Oxyrase® was directly delivered to the other 6 tumors. Treatment with Oxyrase® continued every 4-5 days for at least 2 weeks. The tumor bearing mice received intraperitoneal injections of luciferin substrate (150 mg/Kg) and were imaged with the Lumina XR instrument before delivery of Oxyrase® (pre-dosage) and at different times following initiation of treatment (i.e. Days 1, 3, and 5 to determine the luciferase expression of viable tumor cells by measure of bioluminescence).

Sixth Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were obtained and cultured for 3 passages in recommended media (DMEM medium, F12-K medium, McCoys 5a medium) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were harvested by trypsinization, counted on ViCell, then plated at a density of 20,000 cells per well in ten clear bottom Perkin Elmer 96 well view plates and ten clear Costar 96 well plates. Oxyrase® and substrate were added to wells in quadruplicate: a first column of 4 wells had cells alone in each well; a second column of 4 wells contained Oxyrase® (20 units/mL) and cells; a third column of 4 wells contained L-Lactate at 40 mM and cells; and a fourth column of 4 wells contained cells and buffer, the latter added at equal volume to Oxyrase®. Five Perkin Elmer 96 well view plates and five clear Costar 96 well plates were placed in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and supplied with 5% carbon dioxide and 10% humidity. The remaining plates were placed in an incubator in anaerobic boxes containing oxygen depleting packets.

On days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7, one Perkin Elmer 96 well view plate each from aerobic and anaerobic incubators were removed and a CellTiter Glo® assay was performed. CellTiter Glo® reagents were thawed at room temperature and mixed just before being added to each plate. Equal volume (maximum 125 μL) of CellTiter Glo® reagent was added to the plate and the plate incubated in the dark for 15 minutes. Plates were read using a Wallac Victor2 plate reader using the luminescence range

At the same time, one clear Costar 96 well plate each from aerobic and anaerobic incubators were removed, and cells were trypsinized and counted using a ViCell counter.

Results

In the ViCell assay, Oxyrase® with or without its substrate showed significant aggregation. The aggregates were in the same size range as the cells: 5 to 50 microns. The machine was unable to differentiate between the cells and the aggregates. Thus, the data was inconclusive. A graphical representation of the results from the ViCell assay is represented in FIG. 15. FIG. 16 is a ViCell image of untreated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells on day 1, while FIG. 17 is a ViCell image of MCF-7 cells treated with Oxyrase® and substrate on day 1.

According to the CellTiter Glo® assay, there was an approximately 90% reduction in ATP levels in Oxyrase® treated wells with or without the addition of substrate. Tables 2-6 below indicate the number of cells on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 as well as the average numbers of cells per treatment, as measured by relative light units (RLU), and the standard deviations. These tables are graphically represented in FIGS. 18-22.

TABLE 2 MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Plates at Day 0 Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® + Substrate + cells (20 u/mL) Substrate Buffer Buffer 371093 355759 379583 340018 356148 414028 376651 398374 370831 389386 412556 386376 423569 395464 388263 418242 388291 421712 380015 402117 402287 391129 410350 376738 388115 385974 381025 397149 379461 378447 Average 400697 379872 405123 373755 383746 Std. 14775 9111 13421 12220 10966 Dev.

TABLE 3 MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Plates at Day 1 Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® + Substrate + cells (20 u/mL) Substrate Buffer Buffer 327693 136863 94230 224766 226189 328463 151853 94142 187489 192574 278221 146289 126401 171303 164113 251612 135693 92133 142850 149039 218167 130497 83623 136132 147571 234579 89453 83304 135475 147751 Average 273123 131775 95639 166336 171206 Std. 42885 20198 14488 32410 29241 Dev.

TABLE 4 MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Plates at Day 3 Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® + Substrate + cells (20 u/mL) Substrate Buffer Buffer 283794 12754 22155 161152 187246 279572 13637 18781 151478 191969 280550 15577 22508 179608 178196 329354 14958 33563 198986 227023 375098 16975 39083 243881 269329 445910 19064 53255 363237 277457 Average 332380 15494 31558 216390 221870 Std. 52083 1711 10410 58112 36066 Dev.

TABLE 5 MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Plates at Day 5 Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® + Substrate + cells (20 u/mL) Substrate Buffer Buffer 343503 8467 6810 155311 236661 400251 10678 7896 175921 283165 393017 11018 8738 183640 260937 422401 11385 8745 185254 276639 452220 11372 8448 180844 264347 438066 9439 7470 214489 278824 Average 408243 10393 8018 182577 266762 Std. 29319 960 626 11885 12781 Dev.

TABLE 6 MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Plates at Day 7 Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® + Substrate + cells (20 u/mL) Substrate Buffer Buffer 385969 8933 6469 149128 288637 334494 10109 7624 150112 269256 335467 10013 7855 139841 255179 332549 10502 8251 176875 272501 345514 10614 7733 147731 276409 385861 9162 6309 163281 273191 Average 353309 9889 7374 154495 272529 Std. 21737 561 656 10389 6884 Dev.

As shown in Tables 2-6 and FIGS. 18-22, Oxyrase® significantly affected the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell count. Particularly, the application of Oxyrase® alone to the cells resulted in a nearly 96% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® alone decreased by over 97%. The application of Oxyrase® and substrate to MCF-7 cells resulted in over a 92% average cell count decrease by Day 3 and over a 98% average cell count decrease by Day 7.

Seventh Set of Experiments

Materials and Methods

In another procedure, cells from A375 (human skin cancer), A549 (human lung cancer), HT-29 (human colon cancer), and U87-MG (human brain cancer) cells lines were thawed and maintained for 2-3 passages in the recommended media and supplements (DMEM medium, F12-K medium, McCoys 5a medium, and 10% FBS). Cells were harvested by trypsinization, counted using a ViCell counter and plated at 20,000 cells per well. Five Perkin Elmer 96 well view plates and five clear Costar 96 well plates of each cell line were made. In a first column of 8 wells, cells alone were plated; in a second column of 8 wells, cells were plated with 10 units/mL Oxyrase®; in a third column of 8 wells, cells were plated with 1 unit/mL Oxyrase®; in a fourth column of 8 wells, cells were plated with 0.1 units/mL Oxyrase®; and in a fifth column of 8 wells, cells were plated in buffer solution. All plates were placed in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius supplied with 5% carbon dioxide and 10% humidity.

On days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7, one Perkin Elmer 96 well view plate and one clear Costar 96 well plate were removed from the incubator and a CellTiter Glo® assay performed. CellTiter Glo® reagents were thawed at room temperature and mixed just before being added to each plate. Equal volume (max 125 μL) of CellTiter Glo® reagent was added to the plate and the plate incubated in the dark for 15 minutes. Plates were read using a Wallac Victor2 plate reader using the luminescence range

Results

In the ViCell assay, Oxyrase® showed significant aggregation at the high dosage levels. The aggregates were in the same size range as the cells: 5 to 50 microns. The machine was unable to differentiate between the cells and the aggregates. Thus, the data was inconclusive.

Tables 7-11 below indicate the number of A375 human skin cancer cells on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 as well as the average numbers of cells per treatment as measured by RLU and the standard deviations. These tables are graphically represented in FIGS. 23-27.

TABLE 7 A375 Human Skin Cancer Cell Plates at Day 0 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 405423 405191 407250 403069 362061 427726 427553 419266 418648 381541 430625 441642 415574 423642 386625 441473 435380 430901 432159 385014 447931 461365 433480 431691 394631 432183 449349 442154 419480 379744 Average 430894 436747 424771 421448 381603 Std. Dev. 9636 14039 10741 7716 7154

TABLE 8 A375 Human Skin Cancer Cell Plates at Day 1 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 720233 61794 324305 525951 494828 719099 72031 328116 530098 523479 766724 71529 329422 532739 515313 763348 71724 326970 537346 495608 726169 75497 390253 545578 507303 711955 55609 301987 526494 509965 Average 734588 68031 333509 533034 507749 Std. Dev. 21943 6962 27039 6802 10199

TABLE 9 A375 Human Skin Cancer Plates at Day 3 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 874924 28326 328153 660068 636289 900087 33368 328728 650756 722499 886983 36846 348013 681334 681229 909443 36610 346814 717719 694308 902166 33989 337559 678330 687538 923476 27331 341071 684278 673993 Average 899513 32745 338390 678748 682643 Std. Dev. 12373 3278 6910 15696 18806

TABLE 10 A375 Human Skin Cancer Plates at Day 5 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 638508 19462 224385 613480 629741 647789 24999 264676 634924 626030 654520 26511 262534 678553 653167 648403 26287 269065 696012 681236 652956 25329 261254 646947 663771 663599 19565 193045 720191 675997 Average 650963 23692 245827 665018 654989 Std. Dev. 6063 2786 24741 33234 18677

TABLE 11 A375 Human Skin Cancer Plates at Day 7 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 626607 16880 91548 86683 729106 645530 21193 108982 932764 710301 685544 20768 101250 906665 760261 701245 22346 99663 921044 769086 667023 20722 99616 903107 746968 696407 17454 109467 922956 740487 Average 670393 19894 101754 908787 742702 Std. Dev. 24006 1818 4980 16802 16070

As shown in Tables 7-11 and FIGS. 23-27, Oxyrase® significantly affected the A375 human skin cancer cell count and in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the application of Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL to the cells resulted in a nearly 93% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL decreased by over 95%. The application of Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL to the cells resulted in over a 20% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL decreased by over 76%. The application of Oxyrase® at 0.1 u/mL resulted in tumor cell proliferation rather than necrosis.

Tables 12-16 below indicate the number of A549 human lung cancer cells on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 as well as the average numbers of cells per treatment as measured by RLU and the standard deviations. These tables are graphically represented in FIGS. 28-32.

TABLE 12 A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Plates at Day 0 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 345246 358472 363330 350990 343454 375448 403919 400146 373731 362483 351270 361959 370757 370832 361872 375559 399111 409948 394477 372549 350460 349194 377131 364667 370767 370618 393013 400482 379453 386696 Average 361434 377611 386966 372358 366304 Std. Dev. 12442 21070 16560 10195 10367

TABLE 13 A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Plates at Day 1 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 477014 47237 304736 481029 353640 481232 52176 314952 483366 368979 478244 53471 312027 498753 379231 503275 56188 333277 511148 373584 480294 51186 312681 489597 394970 439986 40397 286435 484055 377755 Average 476674 50109 310685 491325 374693 Std. Dev. 18664 5103 13892 10593 12371

TABLE 14 A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Plates at Day 3 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 651356 65500 310035 614460 495556 669875 57693 326189 638792 520736 670717 60301 338215 657829 549656 659886 41331 340267 647173 552521 671078 44570 323350 653303 529358 695468 36440 324719 634417 518080 Average 669730 50973 327129 640996 527651 Std. Dev. 9406 10192 8075 11773 16194

TABLE 15 A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Plates at Day 5 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 484307 25266 298234 487008 402255 541222 31563 321590 498903 422726 510920 28295 306760 511846 435670 519042 26261 294355 510875 439223 519290 25629 294345 513735 413259 492427 23703 288176 484070 412025 Average 511201 26786 300577 501073 420860 Std. Dev. 15317 2095 9066 11079 11680

TABLE 16 A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Plates at Day 7 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 579781 22252 347759 542283 402304 554002 27192 330231 528484 423048 571656 28280 319346 562994 418685 578365 28100 318500 542120 436897 579691 26867 321905 555766 432012 576857 21389 371600 553285 445579 Average 573392 25680 334890 547489 426421 Std. Dev. 7042 2573 16526 9860 11742

As shown in Tables 12-16 and FIGS. 28-32, Oxyrase® significantly affected the A549 human lung cancer cell count and in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the application of Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL to the cells resulted in over a 86% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL decreased by nearly 93%. The application of Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL to the cells resulted in over a 15% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL increased slightly, bringing the total average cell count decrease to over 13%. Again, the application of Oxyrase® at 0.1 u/mL resulted in tumor cell proliferation rather than necrosis.

Tables 17-21 below indicate the number of HT29 human colon cancer cells on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 as well as the average numbers of cells per treatment as measured by RLU and the standard deviations. These tables are graphically represented in FIGS. 33-37.

TABLE 17 HT29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Plates at Day 0 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 332661 324181 310997 322381 307747 324424 320667 338423 324482 319226 303697 320464 338592 341301 319891 330835 331417 343504 350461 336622 323711 332198 317412 326622 331581 336573 354975 343977 334350 345278 Average 325317 330650 332151 333266 326724 Std. Dev. 8040 8880 11964 8771 11103

TABLE 18 HT29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Plates at Day 1 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 544467 70272 399596 453158 368826 537757 74877 411284 498678 358358 550553 82126 431625 477177 393214 544536 76798 390210 484061 379530 558428 76015 409267 469781 370672 543219 70229 381204 464625 375197 Average 546493 75053 403864 474580 374300 Std. Dev. 6505 4086 16192 14482 10671

TABLE 19 HT29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Plates at Day 3 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 743510 29729 414708 572576 688071 804750 36179 435458 579522 755442 798261 37877 400284 588757 704079 786509 36126 424163 591265 745260 803066 33081 427483 608671 735911 781647 27802 398647 581003 689514 Average 786291 33466 416791 586966 719713 Std. Dev. 15808 3262 12244 9265 25825

TABLE 20 HT29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Plates at Day 5 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 773921 27458 352806 637560 700656 813701 34695 362090 638497 749027 821531 33493 401780 613611 766700 788522 33233 391520 678266 792948 795592 31746 366867 675839 792771 776468 27728 365518 636588 742762 Average 794956 31392 373430 646727 757477 Std. Dev. 15319 2533 15480 20217 26662

TABLE 21 HT29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Plates at Day 7 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 870323 28379 320388 642555 892081 895223 33410 407474 693414 955803 880451 35551 332076 715742 879193 907650 36197 342424 691590 925313 877044 33524 360478 725073 917412 912956 27801 366309 719605 903942 Average 890608 32477 354858 697997 912291 Std. Dev. 14669 2925 23229 22144 20552

As shown in Tables 17-21 and FIGS. 33-37, Oxyrase® significantly affected the HT29 human colon cancer cell count and in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the application of Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL to the cells resulted in over a 89% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL decreased by over 90%. The application of Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL to the cells resulted in an initial 25% average cell count increase by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL decreased, bringing the total average cell count increase to approximately 7%. Again, the application of Oxyrase® at 0.1 u/mL resulted in tumor cell proliferation rather than necrosis.

Tables 22-26 below indicate the number of U87-MG human brain cancer cells on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 as well as the average numbers of cells per treatment as measured by RLU and the standard deviations. These tables are graphically represented in FIGS. 38-42.

TABLE 22 U87-MG Human Brain Cancer Cell Plates at Day 0 Untreated Untreated Untreated Untreated Untreated cells cells cells cells cells 337102 336389 334581 311104 331938 343741 350414 354552 317121 333831 351995 358680 355650 328613 334815 343369 344721 345962 320379 335596 341743 349024 338846 304674 336220 342915 347917 349362 335841 344379 Average 343478 347858 346492 319622 336130 Std. Dev. 2927 4868 6696 8656 2780

TABLE 23 U87-MG Human Brain Cancer Cell Plates at Day 1 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 434854 137817 332715 412877 291163 436787 143365 323369 438584 304777 405376 147376 313337 421517 301596 442558 130431 308229 408566 311351 414274 131437 304093 413240 296354 430870 123340 309807 417697 295889 Average 427453 135628 315258 418747 300188 Std. Dev. 13183 8147 9815 9753 6612

TABLE 24 U87-MG Human Brain Cancer Cell Plates at Day 3 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 556814 21116 255467 614971 428848 566815 25455 247791 622082 441827 555042 26285 251568 629786 439023 564140 27025 274447 636148 427078 567164 26382 290587 653493 431461 566195 18843 244041 645316 447034 Average 562695 24184 260650 633633 435879 Std. Dev. 4511 2803 14578 11353 6750

TABLE 25 U87-MG Human Brain Cancer Cell Plates at Day 5 Cells + Cells + Untreated Cells + Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells Oxyrase ® (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 404194 14519 245481 340176 314664 415082 18408 241115 365306 326332 402496 17543 245552 348806 325702 393627 17560 215042 345409 321334 397846 17153 206823 363456 326876 438402 13798 220354 386903 332592 Average 408608 16497 229061 358343 324583 Std. Dev. 12089 1559 14988 13546 4390

TABLE 26 U87-MG Human Brain Cancer Cell Plates at Day 7 Cells + Cells + Cells + Untreated Oxyrase ® Oxyrase ® Substrate Cells + cells (10 u/mL) (1 u/mL) (0.1 u/mL) Buffer 392960 12695 128503 297512 375710 399727 14211 146874 311584 386271 390194 15849 144389 308812 375510 404836 15187 155503 300217 370549 394703 14508 141575 307096 372329 381641 12012 141287 310289 365932 Average 394010 14077 143022 305918 374384 Std. Dev. 5745 1149 5900 4703 4780

As shown in Tables 22-26 and FIGS. 38-42, Oxyrase® significantly affected the U87-MG human brain cancer cell count and in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the application of Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL to the cells resulted in an approximate 93% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 10 u/mL decreased by about 96%. The application of Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL to the cells resulted in an initial approximate 25% average cell count decrease by Day 3. By Day 7, the average cell count of cells cultured in Oxyrase® at 1 u/mL decreased further, bringing the total average cell count decrease to approximately 59% from the initial average cell count. The application of Oxyrase® at 0.1 u/mL resulted in an initial tumor cell proliferation followed by cell necrosis for a 4% decrease in total average number of cells.

Eighth Set of Experiments

An additional set of experiments was conducted to compare the actions of (a) anaerobe infection alone with (b) anaerobe infection with Oxyrase® and substrate on tumor growth.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen (18) female BALB/C mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories at four (4) weeks old. In addition, eighteen C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories at four (4) weeks old. The animals were fed ad libitum Teklad Certified Global 18% Protein Rodent diet (2018C). The mice were housed in plastic shoebox cages with bedding and kept in a 12-hour light cycle at 20-26 degrees Celsius (68-78.8 degrees Fahrenheit) and 30-70% humidity.

4T1 murine breast cancer cells and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cancer cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.). 4T1 is an animal model for stage IV human breast cancer. The LLC cells were cultured in ATCC-formulated Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% of 100× Penicillin-streptomycin glutamine, while the 4T1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1649 medium containing 10% FBS and 1% of 100× Penicillin-streptomycin glutamine. Cells were cultured in a humidified incubator at 37 degrees Celsius in an appropriate atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 95% air.

Tumor cells in passage four were used for the implantation and were harvested during log phase growth. BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1×10⁶ 4 T1 cells on their right flanks. C57/CL mice were inoculated with 1×10⁶ LLC cells on their right flanks. Tumor measurements were initiated as soon as the tumors were palpable. Thereafter, tumors were measured twice weekly. Tumors were measured in two dimensions using calipers and volume was calculated using the formula:

${{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {volume}\mspace{14mu} \left( {mm}^{3} \right)} = \frac{{width}^{\; 2} \times {length}}{2}$

where width and length are dimensions of a tumor in mm. Tumor weight may be estimated with the assumption 1 mg is equivalent to 1 mm³ or tumor volume.

Animals were randomized using the stratified random sampling algorithm when tumors reached a size range of 74.9-279.5 mm³ for the 4T1 model or 107.5-257.4 mm³ for the LLC model. Treatments or control vehicle (PBS) were administered on Day 1 following randomization.

The following concentrations were provided by the sponsor:

C. perfringens

C. perfringens was cultured for 18-24 hours with about 7×10⁸ cfu/mL to be used at 1:100 dilution. With respect to the substrate, 4 M sodium L-lactate was used at 1:100 dilution (final concentration 40 mM). 110 u/ml Oxyrase® was used at a final concentration of 20 u/mL.

B. adolescentis

BHI-OB was cultured for 18-24 hours with about 7×10⁸ cfu/mL to be used at 1:100 dilution. With respect to the substrate, 4 M sodium L-lactate was used at 1:100 dilution (final concentration 40 mM). 110 u/ml Oxyrase® was used at a final concentration of 20 u/mL.

In order to achieve the correct concentrations, materials were prepared as follows:

Schaedler-Blood Agar Oxyplates were removed from the refrigerator and allowed to reach room temperature. The oxyplates, with the lids removed, were then placed in a Class II biological safety cabinet (BSC) to eliminate condensation. PBS, substrate, and Oxyrase® were placed in the Class II BSC. B. adolescentis and C. perfringens were removed from the incubator and placed in the Class II BSC.

With respect to treatment Group 1, 9 mL control PBS was slowly loaded by pipette into a dosing vial and cap with crimper.

Regarding treatment Group 2 (C. perfringens alone), 8.71 mL PBS was slowly loaded by pipette into a dosing vial. Next, 0.390 mL C. perfringens was slowly loaded by pipette into the dosing vial to yield 1.5 μL C. perfringens and 33.5 μL PBS per injection. The dosing vial was gently rolled to mix, avoiding vigorous mixing to prevent aeration. Following mixing, the dosing vial was capped with a crimper.

Regarding treatment Group 3 (Oxyrase®+substrate+C. perfringens), 18.0 mL Oxyrase® was slowly loaded by pipette into a dosing vial. Next, 0.150 mL C. perfringens and 0.150 mL substrate were slowly loaded by pipette into the dosing vial to yield 1.5 μL C. perfringens, 1.5 μL substrate and 180 μL Oxyrase® per injection. The dosing vial was gently rolled to mix, avoiding vigorous mixing to prevent aeration. Following mixing, the dosing vial was capped with a crimper.

Regarding treatment Group 4 (B. adolescentis alone), 8.71 mL PBS was slowly loaded by pipette into a dosing vial. Next, 0.390 mL B. adolescentis was slowly loaded by pipette into the dosing vial to yield 1.5 μL B. adolescentis and 33.5 μL PBS per injection. The dosing vial was gently rolled to mix, avoiding vigorous mixing to prevent aeration. Following mixing, the dosing vial was capped with a crimper.

Regarding treatment Group 5 (Oxyrase®+substrate+B. adolescentis), 18.0 mL Oxyrase® was slowly loaded by pipette into a dosing vial. Next, 0.150 mL B. adolescentis and 0.150 mL substrate were slowly loaded by pipette into the dosing vial to yield 1.5 μL B. adolescentis, 1.5 μL substrate and 180 μL Oxyrase® per injection. The dosing vial was gently rolled to mix, avoiding vigorous mixing to prevent aeration. Following mixing, the dosing vial was capped with a crimper.

Doses to mice were administered within 30 minutes of receiving the test article from the microbiology laboratories using 27 G needles and Hamilton syringes according to the treatment and dosage schedule in Table 27 below.

TABLE 27 Groups and dosing schedule for 4T1 and LLC syngeneic mouse models Tumor Model Group (n = 3) Treatment 4T1 1 PBS (control) 2 C. perfringens 3 Oxyrase ® + substrate + C. perfringens 4 B. adolescentis 5 Oxyrase ® + substrate + B. adolescentis LLC 1 PBS (control) 2 C. perfringens 3 Oxyrase ® + substrate + C. perfringens 4 B. adolescentis 5 Oxyrase ® + substrate + B. adolescentis

On the day of treatment, each animal received one intra-tumor injection of anaerobe (Clostridium perfringens or Bifidobacterium adolescentis) alone or in combination with Oxyrase® and substrate as described in Table 27 above. Termination of the study or animals occurred at Day 29 post-inoculation or when tumor sizes exceeded 1,000 mm³.

Study Log Study Director Animal Study Management Software (San Francisco, Calif.) was used to randomize animals. Data collection included body weights, tumor measurements, and daily clinical observations (e.g., morbidity, mortality, feeding, grooming). All data was analyzed using GraphPad InStat3 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.). Treatment groups were compared with vehicle control groups using one-way ANOVA statistical analysis. If a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed, the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test was conducted.

Results

All results for tumor volume are reported in cubic millimeters (mm³). All results for body weight are reported in grams (g).

Mouse 4T1 Breast Tumor Model

Animals were randomized on day 8 post-inoculation with a mean (±standard deviation) tumor size of: 136.61±43.35, 118.15±64.56, 174.55±108.43, 256.40±41.75, and 196.60±62.83 for Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Mean body weights (±SD) at randomization were: 17.13±0.35, 16.77±0.51, 17.20±0.30, 17.20±0.10, and 17.07±0.15 for Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Table 28 below summarizes the mean body weights (±SD) for the entire study. At termination day (Day 19), the mean tumor size (±SD) for the control group was 1872.22±1399.88 compared to 1508.71±1204.68, 1697.77±53.17, and 2359.78±418.19 for Groups 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Animals in Group 5 had to be terminated early (Day 8) due to tumor sizes exceeding humane limits. At termination, the mean body weight (±SD) for Group 5 was 1151±237.28.

TABLE 28 4T1 Murine Breast Cancer Model Mean Body Weights (±SD) Day 1 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Day 13 Day 15 Day 19 Group 1 1 17.1 17.3 17.9 18.3 19.7 20.1 21.0 2 16.8 17.8 18.0 18.0 19.2 19.3 19.9 3 17.5 18.0 18.7 18.3 19.3 19.5 20.1 Avg. 17.13 17.70 18.20 18.20 19.40 19.63 20.33 SD 0.35 0.36 0.44 0.17 0.26 0.42 0.59 Group 2 4 16.2 16.7 17.4 17.7 19.0 19.9 19.8 5 17.2 17.6 18.6 19.0 20.0 19.9 21.1 6 16.9 17.3 18.5 18.3 19.2 18.9 19.5 Avg. 16.77 17.20 18.17 18.33 19.40 19.57 20.13 SD 0.51 0.46 0.67 0.65 0.53 0.58 0.85 Group 3 7 17.2 8 17.5 15.8 16.6 17.2 19.7 19.8 20.6 9 16.9 16.9 17.8 19.0 20.8 21.3 22. Avg. 17.20 16.35 17.20 18.10 20.25 20.55 21.30 SD 0.30 0.78 0.85 1.27 0.78 1.06 0.99 Group 4 10  17.2 17.7 19.2 19.4 20.2 20.4 20.5 11  17.1 16.8 17.5 18.0 19.3 19.6 20.0 12  17.3 16.5 17.9 18.1 14.4 19.4 20.0 Avg. 17.20 17.00 18.20 18.50 17.97 19.80 20.17 SD 0.10 0.62 0.89 0.78 3.12 0.53 0.29 Group 5 13  17.1 16.9 16.9 17.5 Terminated 14  17.2 15.3 16.0 16.3 Terminated 15  16.9 16.5 17.2 17.2 Terminated Avg. 17.07 16.23 16.70 17.00 Terminated SD 0.15 0.83 0.62 0.62 Terminated

Table 29 below summarizes the tumor volumes (±SD) for the entire study. Mean body weights (±SD) at termination were: 21.33±0.59, 20.13±0.85, 21.3±0.99, and 20.17±0.29 for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

TABLE 29 4T1 Murine Breast Cancer Model Tumor Volumes (±SD) Pre-Study (pre-inoculation) Day 1 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Day 12 Day 19 Group 1 1 36.95 98.56 280.87 371.77 644.14 1197.84 2001.85 2 67.19 127.48 222.00 117.39 174.76 250.79 412.04 3 83.70 183.80 347.34 351.15 670.72 735.64 3202.78 Avg. 62.61 136.61 283.40 280.10 496.54 728.09 1872.22 SD 23.71 43.35 62.71 141.29 278.99 473.57 1399.88 Median 67.2 127.5 280.9 351.2 644.14 735.64 2001.90 Group 2 4 39.54 77.84 192.69 273.62 291.52 476.58 819.64 5 77.80 192.61 548.02 647.38 784.46 1089.71 2899.73 6 22.12 84.01 130.09 202.55 224.49 369.66 809.61 Avg. 46.49 118.15 290.26 374.52 433.49 645.32 1509.66 SD 28.48 64.56 225.40 238.97 305.79 388.55 1203.85 Median 39.50 84.00 192.70 273.60 291.52 476.58 819.64 Group 3 7 45.96 75.89 Deceased 8 72.00 157.11 230.30 528.96 760.64 977.88 1389.08 9 49.40 290.64 359.85 574.99 419.90 1203.13 1735.37 Avg. 55.79 174.55 295.08 551.97 590.27 1090.51 1562.23 SD 14.15 108.43 91.60 32.55 240.94 159.28 244.86 Median 49.40 157.10 295.10 552.00 590.27 1090.50 1562.20 Group 4 10  96.07 287.16 530.59 759.75 891.67 1439.44 2020.06 11  68.42 273.16 283.02 521.83 658.01 1170.05 2232.43 12  33.14 208.88 393.25 542.97 844.95 1081.01 2826.84 Avg. 65.88 256.40 402.29 608.18 798.21 1230.17 2359.78 SD 31.55 41.75 124.03 131.69 123.64 186.62 418.19 Median 68.40 273.20 393.30 543.00 844.95 1170.10 2232.40 Group 5 13  72.54 169.52 690.74 1015.37 1424.33 Terminated 14  60.81 151.84 226.32 317.71 995.59 Terminated 15  150.08 268.43 564.31 773.85 1033.76 Terminated Avg. 94.48 196.60 493.79 702.31 1151.23 Terminated SD 48.51 62.83 240.10 354.29 237.28 Terminated Median 72.50 169.50 564.30 773.90 1033.80 Terminated

FIG. 43 is a graphical illustration of the average body weights during the study period. On Day 2 post-treatment, there was a treatment-associated mortality in Group 3 (animal 7). All surviving animals in Group 3 and animals in Group 5 showed clinical signs including rough coats and hypoactivity following test article administration. FIG. 44 is a graphical illustration of mean tumor volume, while FIG. 45 is a graphical illustration of median tumor volume.

Mouse LLC Lung Cancer Model

Animals were randomized on day 8 post-inoculation with a mean (±SD) tumor size of: 169.29±40.07, 197.36±79.03, 206.56±47.49, 187.30±24.70, and 172.39±18.72 for Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Mean body weights (±SD) at randomization were 17.23±0.23, 17.30±0.26, 17.47±0.06, 17.43±0.42, and 17.30±0.26 for Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Table 30 below summarizes the mean body weights (±SD) for the entire study. At day of termination (Day 11), the mean tumor size (±SD) for the control group was 1243.07±314.28 compared to 1593.0±305.42, 206.56±47.49, 1280.46±215.15, and 1285.76±291.85 for Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively.

TABLE 30 LLC Murine Lung Cancer Model Mean Body Weights (±SD) Day 1 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Group 1 1 17.1 17.4 18.8 18.6 2 17.1 18.0 18.2 17.3 3 17.5 19.4 20.4 20.0 Avg. 17.23 18.27 19.13 18.63 SD 0.23 1.03 1.14 1.35 Group 2 4 17.2 17.9 18.9 19.2 5 17.6 19.7 20.5 21.0 6 17.1 17.3 18.2 16.6 Avg. 17.30 18.30 19.20 18.93 SD 0.26 1.25 1.18 2.21 Group 3 7 17.5 Terminated 8 17.4 Terminated 9 17.5 13.2 Terminated Avg. 17.47 13.2 Terminated SD 0.06 0 Terminated Group 4 10  17.9 18.6 18.8 19.6 11  17.1 17.6 18.4 19.0 12  17.3 18.0 17.6 16.5 Avg. 17.43 18.07 18.27 18.37 SD 0.42 0.50 0.61 1.64 Group 5 13  17.9 17.2 19.2 17.9 14  17.8 17.0 19.5 17.8 15  19.0 18.4 20.5 19.0 Avg. 18.23 17.53 19.73 18.23 SD 0.67 0.76 0.68 0.67

Table 31 below summarizes the tumor volumes (±SD) for the entire study. Mean body weights (±SD) at termination were: 18.63±1.35, 18.93±2.21, 18.37±1.64, and 19.73±0.68 for Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 respectively. All animals in Group 3 died by Day 4 following administration of the test article.

TABLE 31 LLC Murine Lung Cancer Model Tumor Volumes (±SD) Pre-Study (pre-inoculation) Day 1 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Group 1 1 14.24 153.73 331.91 535.56 912.24 2 32.33 214.81 584.67 471.54 1279.31 3 59.33 139.34 473.68 679.81 1537.65 Avg. 35.30 169.29 463.42 562.30 1243.07 SD 22.69 40.07 126.69 106.68 314.28 Median 32.30 153.73 473.68 535.56 1279.30 Group 2 4 32.25 111.81 279.51 495.74 1397.70 5 26.14 212.63 191.72 493.23 1436.34 6 33.96 267.64 931.43 894.34 1944.96 Avg. 30.78 197.36 467.55 627.77 1593.00 SD 4.11 79.03 404.12 230.86 305.42 Median 32.35 212.63 279.51 495.74 1436.30 Group 3 7 60.85 176.73 Terminated 8 127.74 261.32 Terminated 9 14.72 181.62 305.32 Terminated Avg. 67.77 206.56 305.32 Terminated SD 56.83 47.49 0.00 Terminated Median 60.85 181.62 305.32 Terminated Group 4 10  0.00 215.10 433.79 736.46 1482.22 11  51.25 178.90 253.76 934.53 1054.04 12  48.22 167.90 707.37 637.53 1305.12 Avg. 33.16 187.30 464.98 769.51 1280.46 SD 28.75 24.70 228.41 151.23 215.15 Median 48.22 178.90 433.79 736.46 1305.10 Group 5 13  48.34 152.22 357.31 531.79 1502.00 14  50.59 189.28 363.13 702.81 953.66 15  35.33 175.68 610.45 1072.45 1401.62 Avg. 44.75 172.39 443.63 769.02 1285.76 SD 8.24 18.75 144.50 276.34 291.95 Median 48.34 175.68 363.13 702.81 1401.60

FIG. 46 is a graphical illustration of the average body weights for the study period. FIG. 47 is a graphical illustration of the mean tumor volumes for the study period, while FIG. 48 is a graphical illustration of the median tumor volumes for the study period.

Discussion

The experimental results indicated that the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and growth is dependent upon dosage of the Oxyrase®. More particularly, the in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that tumor cell growth is inhibited by exposure to increasing concentrations of the Oxyrase® membrane fragments. This is seen in the change in luciferase expression of FIGS. 3-7, and in the corrected MTT assay results of FIG. 9. Oxyrase® shows activity at as little as 0.037 u/mL and has maximized activity at a concentration of 6 u/mL.

The experiments suggested that Oxyrase® decreased tumor cell viability. Supported by the results that Oxyrase® reduced the size of tumor growths, Oxyrase® may be suitable for use in cancer treatment.

The experimental results also indicated that the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and growth is dependent upon dosage of the Oxyrase®. More particularly, the experiments indicated that tumor cell growth is inhibited by exposure to increasing concentrations of the Oxyrase® membrane fragments (i.e. tumor cell growth is dose dependent). This is seen in the changes in cell count across five distinct cell lines as shown in Tables 2-27 and FIGS. 18-42. The experiments suggested that Oxyrase® decreased tumor cell viability. Supported by the results that Oxyrase® reduced the size of tumor growths, Oxyrase® may be suitable for use in cancer treatment.

With respect to treatment of the U87 tumors, U87 was only affected by Oxyrase® under particular sets of conditions but not others. This shows that the treatment regimen needs to be optimized to gain the maximum benefit of Oxyrase®, which was not done for the above protocol. The real value of administering oxygen scavenging membrane fragments to brain tumors is likely yet to be determined.

Further experimental results as shown in Tables 28-31 and FIGS. 43-48 suggest that Oxyrase® when used in conjunction with anaerobes may suppress tumor growths. Only tumors infected with both anaerobes and Oxyrase® exhibited changes in growth. Tumors infected with only anaerobes were not affected. This is most likely due to Oxyrase® improving anaerobic infection of tumors.

It should be noted that anaerobes differed in their effects on tumors. For example, C. perfringens is a vigorous pathogen known to cause gas gangrene. When used in the third set of experiments, it killed not only the tumor but also the host animal. B. adolescentis is not a pathogen and is commonly used in yogurt. However, upon infection of tumors with Oxyrase®, B. adolescentis only affected breast tumors, which exhibited excessive growth. Therefore, animals infected with anaerobes alone did not exhibit inhibited tumor growth. These results indicate that there is an opportunity to use a wide range of either available or genetically engineered anaerobes to infect and treat tumors particularly when used with the directed administration of Oxyrase®.

In order to provide safe and efficient results, Oxyrase® dosages should be optimized. Oxyrase® could be combined with more traditional treatments, such as drug therapies or chemotherapy, to bolster its effects and create a comprehensive treatment.

While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents. 

1. A method for treating a patient with a cancerous tumor, comprising intratumorally administering to the patient a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of oxygen scavenging membrane fragments.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments are derived from the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Acetobacter.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a hydrogen donating substance.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the hydrogen donating substance is lactic acid, succinic acid, alpha-glycerol phosphate, formic acid, malic acid, or a salt thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is in the form of an injection, solution, suspension, or emulsion.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition contains the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount greater than 0.01 units per milliliter, or greater than 0.5 units per milliliter, or greater than 1 unit per milliliter.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition contains the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount from 1 unit per milliliter to 10 units per milliliter, or from 5 units per milliliter to 10 units per milliliter.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tumor is a breast, cervical, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, brain, or bone cancer tumor.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapy, or cell transplantation.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of the composition creates localized hypoxia.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of anaerobe bacteria.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the anaerobe bacteria are present in the composition in an amount of about 10⁶ to about 10⁸ CFU/mL.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the anaerobe bacteria is Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Clostridium perfringens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas levii, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Prevotella melaninogenica, or a combination thereof.
 14. A method for treating a tumor, comprising intratumorally administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of oxygen scavenging membrane fragments.
 15. A therapeutic composition, comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of oxygen scavenging membrane fragments.
 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments are derived from the cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Acetobacter.
 17. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises a hydrogen donating substance.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the hydrogen donating substance is lactic acid, succinic acid, alpha-glycerol phosphate, formic acid, malic acid, or a salt thereof.
 19. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition contains the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount greater than 0.01 units per milliliter or greater than 0.5 units per milliliter, or greater than 1 unit per milliliter
 20. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition contains the oxygen scavenging membrane fragments in an amount from 1 unit per milliliter to 10 units per milliliter, or from 5 units per milliliter to 10 units per milliliter.
 21. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of anaerobe bacteria. 